Privacy-first online proctoring that combines intelligent detection with expert human review for fair, defensible outcomes.
#1 in online proctoring
for ease of use
Book a demo
Product offerings
Pourquoi nous choisir ?
Online proctoring built around people, not just technology
Protect assessment integrity without losing sight of the people taking the assessment. Our privacy-first approach combines intelligent detection, trained human review, and a seamless browser-based experience for fair, defensible outcomes.
More than
10M+
Total sessions proctored
More than
65+
Languages supported
Lower than
1%
Support rate
More than
98%
Client retention rate
How Integrity Advocate protects every exam, start to finish
From verifying identity before an assessment to monitoring participation and reviewing results afterward, Integrity Advocate protects every stage with technology and trained human oversight.
AVANT LA SESSION
Know the right person is taking every assessment
Test-takers submit a selfie and valid ID, which are reviewed and cross-referenced to verify identity before testing begins.
Human review confirms identity and adds context to identity checks
Only essential information is collected
Personal data follows your retention settings
Read more on identity verification
DURING SESSION
Intelligent detection.
Verified by Human Review™
Integrity Advocate combines intelligent detection with trained human review to identify potential violations and evaluate them in context. The result is greater accuracy, consistency, and confidence in every outcome.
Participation monitoring
Confirm test-takers remain present and engaged throughout the assessment.
Learn more
Hybrid proctoring
Combine intelligent detection with human judgment for fair, consistent assessment decisions.
Learn more
CounterAI™
Stay ahead of AI-assisted cheating with behavior-based detection and human review.
Learn more
POST SESSION
Trusted results.
Seamless credential delivery.
Review clear, time-stamped, human-verified results. Seamlessly issue credentials that are easy to share and verify.
Defensible outcomes
Clear end of exam reports that support reviews, appeals, and compliance. Every decision is backed by evidence.
Read more
Verifiable credential issuance
Connect verified identity, proctored assessment results, and credential issuance in one seamless chain of trust.
Read more
BUILT DIFFERENTLY
Online proctoring without the tradeoffs
Protect assessment integrity with simple access, flexible technology, privacy-first design, and trained human review.
No installation
Launch directly from the browser without downloads, extensions, or complicated setup.
Learn more
Any device
Proctor across computers, Chromebooks, tablets, and mobile devices without limiting where assessments can happen.
Learn more
Privacy-first
Collect only what’s necessary, protect participant data, and put privacy at the center of every assessment.
Learn more
Human reviewed
Trained reviewers evaluate potential concerns in context, helping deliver fair, consistent, and defensible outcomes.
Learn more
WHO WE SERVE
Protecting programs wherever assessments happen
Across education, credentialing, associations, workforce training, and high-compliance industries, Integrity Advocate was built to protect assessments, programs, and the people taking them.
Education
Support academic integrity while also protecting student privacy through proctoring that integrates seamlessly into the systems that learners already use.
Read more
Training Programs
Deliver secure, scalable training assessments with proctoring built to work across devices, limited bandwidth, and real-world workforce environments.
Read more
Certifying & awarding bodies
Safeguard credential value with proctoring built for high-stakes assessments, defensible decisions, and lasting trust among stakeholders.
Read more
Designed with security, privacy, and accessibility at the core
Our compliance with GDPR, AICPA SOC 2, and W3C WCAG 2.1 Level A standards means you can trust us to keep your information secure while delivering an accessible experience to all users.
Learn more
Proctoring that fits right into the systems you already use
Integrate online proctoring directly into your existing LMS and training platforms to simplify setup, keep assessments connected, and create a seamless experience for administrators and test-takers.
View our integrations
What do our clients say about us?
Integrity Advocate works on all devices. We don't hear any complaints, you don't need to download any applications. The validation is very quick, the turnaround is very quick, the support is great, and it's on demand. We are confident in our partnership, the technology, and the customer support. We firmly believe that Integrity Advocate understands this space better than most.
Richard Anderson, Executive Director of Smart Serve Ontario
Read more
We have thousands and thousands of people taking these online tests, and we need a very seamless, frictionless process so people aren't emailing support or having a bad taste in their mouth for our company. Integrity Advocate was that solution.
Troy Buckholdt, CEO of Course Careers
Watch the video
A unique selling point for the project is that humans are reviewing the proctor sessions and we're not relying on technology. This ensures fair, accurate outcomes.
Elaine Barker, Head of Center Support at Skills and Education Group
Watch the video
We were able to scale up dramatically through our integration with Integrity Advocate. There was a point at which we maybe had a few thousand students being e-proctored, to the point now where every one of our students is e-proctored through the payroll compliance professional designation... And that ramp-up happened in less than three months.
Steven Van Alstine, Vice President of Professional Standards and Education | National Payroll Institute
Watch the video
Explore the latest in assessment integrity
Practical guidance on online proctoring, AI-assisted cheating, privacy, and building assessment programs you can trust.
Blogs & articles
How to Stop Personal Information from Being Stockpiled, Sold, and Hacked
October 18, 2021
|
5 min de lecture
Most proctoring platforms accumulate years of student identity data, session recordings, and behavioral information, and their privacy policies explicitly allow that data to be transferred in a business sale. This post examines the risk of data stockpiling, the 400,000-student breach that demonstrated what happens when that data is targeted, and how Integrity Advocate's data minimization approach eliminates the risk by not holding data that does not need to exist.
At the heart of genuine privacy protection is a concept that sounds straightforward: data minimization. If personal data is never collected in the first place, it cannot be leaked, hacked, or sold. It cannot be transferred to a buyer in an acquisition. It cannot appear on the dark web.
The problem is that data minimization runs directly against the financial incentives of most technology companies. User data increases company valuation. The more a platform collects and retains, the more it is worth to investors, acquirers, and advertisers. For proctoring companies specifically, years of student behavioral data, identity images, and session recordings represent a significant asset on the balance sheet.
That asset belongs to your learners. And most of them have no idea it is being accumulated.
What Proctoring Privacy Policies Actually Say
A review of privacy policies from proctoring companies around the world reveals language like this:
"In the event we sell some or all of our assets, it is possible your personal data could be one of the assets transferred to the purchaser."
"We may disclose your personal information to third parties if we are involved in a merger, acquisition, or sale of any or all of our business and/or our assets to a third party."
These are not edge cases buried in fine print. They are standard provisions in proctoring company privacy policies. They mean that the identity images, session recordings, and behavioral data your learners submitted for the purpose of completing an assessment can be transferred to an entirely different organization without their knowledge or consent.
Why Stockpiled Data Is a Security Risk
The volume of data retained and the length of time it is kept directly increases the likelihood that it will be used, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that harm the individuals it belongs to.
Encryption certificates and security procedures are frequently cited as assurances. They are not guarantees. A well-known proctoring service was breached despite these assurances, resulting in years of data involving over 400,000 students being obtained illegally and shared on the dark web.
The lesson is not that security measures are useless. It is that the most effective security measure is not having the data to begin with. Why would anyone hack a system that holds nothing of value?
What Data Minimization Looks Like in Practice
Data minimization is not a policy position. It is an architectural decision. It means building a platform that:
Collects only what is required for the specific purpose of the session
Does not retain data beyond that purpose
Does not share identity credentials or session recordings unnecessarily
Deletes recordings automatically when the session is complete and no violations are found
Does not treat personal data as a transferable asset in any circumstance
Integrity Advocate deletes session recordings and identity images within 24 hours of completion for sessions with no violations. Personal data is not included as a transferable asset in any business transaction. As a Canadian company operating outside US jurisdiction, the data available on the vast majority of users in the unlikely event of a compelled disclosure would be limited to a name and a facial image represented as a string of code.
What to Look for When Choosing a Proctoring Vendor
Before selecting a proctoring provider, organizations should be able to answer these questions from the vendor's privacy policy and data processing documentation:
Does the privacy policy include personal data as a transferable asset in a sale or acquisition?
How long is session data retained and what triggers deletion?
Are identity credentials and session recordings shared with the client organization by default, or only when a specific violation requires it?
Does the vendor's business model depend on accumulated user data, or is data minimization built into how the platform works?
If the answers are not clearly documented, that is itself an answer.
Integrity Advocate Is Ranked #1 for Online Proctoring on G2. Here’s What That Means.
May 29, 2026
|
5 min de lecture
Integrity Advocate ranked #1 in the G2 Summer 2026 Usability Index for Online Proctoring, its second consecutive season at the top. This post breaks down what the ranking measures, how IA scored against Honorlock, Proctorio, and Meazure Learning, and the design decisions behind the results: no-install access, human review on every flag, and privacy by design.
Integrity Advocate ranked #1 in the G2 Usability Index for Online Proctoring, for the second consecutive season. G2’s rankings are built entirely on verified reviews from real users: the administrators, directors, and instructors who actually run exams on these platforms every day. They rated us best, and that matters.
Here’s a look at what the ranking measures, what the data shows, and why it reflects something real about how IA is built.
What Is the G2 Usability Index?
G2 is the largest peer-to-peer software review platform in the world. Their Usability Index ranks products within a category based on three user-rated dimensions:
Ease of Use — how intuitive the platform is for test takers and administrators
Ease of Administration — how much overhead it takes to set up and manage
Meets Requirements — whether the platform actually does what programs need it to do
Every score comes from authenticated, verified reviews. Companies cannot pay to improve their position. There is no sponsorship or placement influencing the results. The index score reflects what users say nothing more.
The Summer 2026 Rankings
Here is how the full category stacked up in the G2 Summer 2026 Usability Index:
#ProductUsability ScoreG2 Index Score
1
✦ Integrity Advocate
85% usability
8.45 #1
2
Honorlock
81% usability
8.07
3
Proctorio
79% usability
7.94
4
Quilgo
78% usability
7.81
5
Talview
78% usability
7.78
6
Meazure Learning
72% usability
7.24
Source: G2 Usability Index for Online Proctoring | Summer 2026 (Draft). Products ordered by index score.
Source: G2 Usability Index for Online Proctoring, Summer 2026. Products ordered by index score.
Integrity Advocate holds a 0.38-point lead over the second-ranked platform and a 1.21-point lead over the lowest-ranked platform in the category. In an index where scores cluster tightly, that gap is significant.
Above Category Average Across Every Dimension
G2 scores IA above the category average on every metric the Usability Index measures:
+6pts above avg
Ease of Use
94%
IA
94%
Avg
88%
+3pts above avg
Ease of Admin
92%
IA
92%
Avg
89%
+3pts above avg
Meets Requirements
91%
IA
91%
Avg
88%
Overall Usability Score
85%
IA
85%
Avg
79%
G2 Index Score
8.45
Summer 2026 · #1 Ranked
No other platform in the category leads the field on all three dimensions simultaneously.
What the Data Looks Like Head to Head
Numbers tell the story more clearly than positioning claims. Here’s how IA compares to the platforms most programs evaluate side by side:
The user adoption gap is the one worth paying attention to. A 26-point difference in adoption rates suggests that one platform is meaningfully easier for test takers to actually use — not just to set up.
Rankings don’t come from nowhere. The G2 scores reflect specific, deliberate decisions we made about how to build this platform.
No install. Any device. Any browser. Test takers don’t download anything. There’s no browser extension, no IT ticket, no pre-exam anxiety about whether the software will work. They log in and start. Administrators don’t field support calls about setup. That’s a direct driver of a 94% Ease of Use rating — 6 points above average.
Human review on every flag. At every pricing tier. Most platforms treat human review as a premium feature. At IA, a trained reviewer assesses every flag before any outcome is issued — regardless of which plan a program is on. That’s not an add-on. It’s the standard. When a result gets challenged by a student, an employer, or an accreditor, there’s a reasoned judgment behind it, not just an automated flag.
Privacy first, by design. We collect only what is necessary. The platform is FERPA, GDPR, and PIPEDA compliant. Zero data breaches across more than a decade of operation. Programs that have faced scrutiny for invasive proctoring practices know what’s at stake. IA is built to keep programs defensible on that front.
Results that hold up. From identity verification before the exam to reviewed outcomes after it, every stage connects into one documented record. When something is challenged, administrators have what they need to respond. That completeness shows up in the “Meets Requirements” score.
What Users Are Actually Saying
These reviews are authenticated and verified by G2.
{{post-block-quote}}
The Numbers Behind the Platform
The G2 ranking reflects a platform that has been in continuous operation for over a decade:
98% client retention — programs that stay because the platform keeps working, year after year
Zero data breaches — across more than 12 years of operation
10M+ proctored sessions — at scale, across credentialing bodies, institutions, and training providers
4.5 stars on G2 — based on 23 verified reviews
See the Full G2 Report
The G2 Summer 2026 Usability Index for Online Proctoring is available in full. If you’re evaluating platforms, it’s worth reading the methodology alongside the scores.
IA G2 Report CTA Section
G2 SUMMER 2026#1 USABILITY INDEX
See the Full G2 Report
The G2 Summer 2026 Usability Index for Online Proctoring is available in full. If you're evaluating platforms, it's worth reading the methodology alongside the scores.
Integrity Advocate is a browser-based online proctoring platform built for credentialing organizations, education institutions, and training providers. Human review is included in every session, at every pricing tier, by default.
Top Proctoring Tools in 2026, Ranked by What Actually Matters
April 6, 2026
|
5 min de lecture
Not sure which proctoring tool fits your program? This guide compares the top 10 platforms of 2026, breaks down the three proctoring models, and shares the one vendor question that determines what your results are actually worth.
The market for best online proctoring tools has grown fast, and so has the noise around it. The global online proctoring market is projected to grow from $700 million in 2023 to over $2.1 billion by 2030. Remote learning is standard. AI-assisted cheating is a real and growing threat. And programs across education, credentialing, and workforce training are under more pressure than ever to issue results that are trusted, accurate, and defensible.
In many ways, the tools have kept up with that growth. But not all of them have kept up in the right ways. Some have leaned hard into automation at the expense of fairness. Others have added AI features without answering the question programs actually need answered: when a result is challenged, can you stand behind it?
The market has largely framed this as a choice. Speed and scale on one side. Human judgment and defensibility on the other. What most programs actually need is both, without having to trade one for the other. That is what this list is really about.
What to Evaluate Before You Look at a Single Tool
Feature lists are easy to produce. What matters is whether a platform solves the problems that actually cost programs time, money, and credibility. Here is the framework worth using:
Can you defend a result?
When a flagged incident leads to a consequence, someone will ask how that decision was made. AI alone cannot answer that question in a way that holds up to scrutiny. You need a documented human review trail. Not an algorithm output. A process.
Is privacy built in or bolted on?
Data privacy requirements are not going away. FERPA, GDPR, and emerging state-level frameworks all affect how proctoring data can be collected, stored, and used. Platforms that treat privacy as a compliance checkbox are a liability. The ones built around data minimization from the ground up are not.
Does the experience reflect well on your program?
Proctoring that feels invasive or surveillance-heavy creates friction, complaints, anxiety, and lower completion rates. The process should feel fair to the person going through it. When it does, you get fewer disputes and better outcomes.
Who supports your program beyond kickoff?
Implementation support, responsive account management, and an onboarding process that actually works. Client retention rates tell you more than case studies.
Does it cover the full assessment journey?
Identity verification before the exam. Monitoring during it. Clean, documented results after. Gaps in any of those stages are gaps in your program’s integrity.
The Three Proctoring Models
Every tool on this list falls into one of three categories. The model matters as much as the features.
Model 01
Live Proctoring
A human proctor monitors the session in real time, with the ability to intervene as the exam happens. Strongest for high-stakes exams where immediate response matters.
The trade-off: scheduling windows and per-session costs make it hard to scale for programs running high volumes.
Human-led
Model 02
Automated AI Proctoring
Algorithms monitor the session only, with no human involvement. Low cost and high volume make it accessible at scale.
The trade-off: flag rates of 15 to 20 percent mean the review burden comes back to your institution. Your staff sorts the incidents, not your vendor.
AI-only
Model 03
Hybrid Proctoring
AI detection paired with human review. The right balance of scale and defensibility, when implemented correctly.
The quality varies significantly depending on one thing: whether human review is mandatory on every flag, or available as a paid upgrade. That question changes everything.
AI + Human
The most important question to ask any vendor: Is human review mandatory on every flag, or is it an add-on? That distinction determines what your results are actually worth.
Top 10 Online Proctoring Tools in 2026
1. Integrity Advocate
Best for: Education, professional certification, and any program where results need to be defensible.
Integrity Advocate is built on one principle. Every AI flag is reviewed by a real person before it becomes an outcome. Not as an add-on. Not a premium tier. That is how the platform works, for every client, on every exam. AI identifies. Humans verify. Your program gets results that are fair, accurate, and built to hold up.
The platform is browser-based and requires no installation on student devices. No downloads, no extensions, no IT bottleneck. It works across any device, browser, and LMS, including Chromebooks. Test takers show up and take the exam.
Privacy is built into the architecture from the ground up. No unnecessary data storage, no invasive browser installs, and zero data breaches across more than 12 years of operation. That is not a claim. It is a record.
Coverage spans the full assessment lifecycle. Identity verification, exam monitoring, human review, and credential delivery through the Accredible integration all run on one platform with no gaps between stages.
With a 98 percent client retention rate, the relationship Integrity Advocate builds with programs is a meaningful part of the value. Programs stay because the relationship works, not just the technology.
Key strengths Mandatory human review on every flag, privacy by design, zero breaches in 12 years no install, works on any device or LMS, full assessment journey coverage, 98% client retention
2. ProctorU (Meazure Learning)
Best for: High-stakes certification and licensing exams.
ProctorU offers live human proctoring with real-time intervention capability. Strong audit trails and 24/7 scheduling make it a reliable option for high-stakes professional exams. Examity has been folded into this platform. Per-session pricing and scheduling requirements limit scalability for programs running high volumes with flexible timing needs.
3. Proctor360
Best for: Programs that need high environmental security and flexible proctoring configurations.
Proctor360's standout feature is its proprietary 360 Total View headset, which captures a complete view of the testing environment. It supports multiple proctoring modes including AI auto-proctoring, single and multi-camera live, and recorded review. Highly configurable for institutions that want different security levels across different exam types. Integrates with Canvas, Moodle, and Blackboard. Human review availability depends on the configuration and tier selected.
4. Talview
Best for: Large enterprises running high-volume, complex assessments.
Talview has invested significantly in AI capability, including a multi-layer security framework and behavioral analysis tools. It operates across more than 120 countries and handles significant scale. The platform skews toward enterprise hiring and large institutional clients. Mid-market education and certification programs may find it designed for a larger and more complex buyer than their needs require.
5. Honorlock
Best for: Higher education institutions running frequent, mid-stakes exams.
Honorlock combines AI monitoring with on-demand live proctors and is well established in the higher education market. Human review is available but not mandatory on every flagged incident, which means your institution may still be making decisions on contested results. Pricing is competitive for volume.
6. Proctorio
Best for: High-volume, lower-stakes exams where cost is the primary driver.
Fully automated with no human proctors involved. Proctorio tracks eye movement, audio, and keystrokes and delivers a low per-exam cost that makes it accessible at scale. The trade-off, however, is real: flag review is handed back to your institution. If 15 to 20 percent of your exams are flagged and your staff is sorting through them, the savings on the tool may not reflect the actual cost to your program.
7. Respondus (LockDown Browser + Monitor)
Best for: Institutions already embedded in its LMS ecosystem.
Respondus is widely adopted in higher education and functions primarily as a lockdown browser with a monitoring layer. It works best as a deterrent within a broader integrity approach rather than a standalone proctoring solution. There is no live or mandatory human review component, and the platform requires a browser extension on student devices.
8. PSI Bridge
Best for: Government licensing exams.
Enterprise-grade security with strong identity verification and regulatory compliance, built specifically for high-stakes professional and government licensing exams. Well suited to that context and less flexible for mid-market education programs that need a more configurable setup.
9. Proctortrack
Best for: Programs that need tiered options and pricing flexibility.
Proctortrack offers multiple monitoring modes from automated to live, giving institutions flexibility to match oversight levels to exam stakes. Human review availability depends on the tier selected. Evaluate carefully what is and is not included at each pricing level before committing.
10. Mercer Mettl
Best for: Corporate hiring and skills-based assessments.
Mercer Mettl combines psychometric testing with proctoring in one platform and integrates well with HR systems. Built for the recruitment context. Programs in academic or professional certification settings will find it designed for a different buyer and a different workflow.
How the Top Tools Compare
Integrity Advocate vs. The Rest
Most proctoring platforms share a feature list. Not all of them share a philosophy. Here is how Integrity Advocate compares on the things that actually determine whether your results hold up.
Feature
Integrity Advocate
Typical Competitor
Review & Accuracy
Human ReviewWho reviews flagged incidents
Every flag, every time
Premium tier only
False Positive RiskAI flags that turn out to be nothing
Filtered before it reaches you
Lands in your team's queue
Defensible Audit TrailCan you explain every decision
Documented human review on file
Algorithm output only
Privacy & Data
Data BreachesTrack record since launch
Zero in 12+ years
Varies by vendor
Data MinimizationWhat gets stored after the exam
Only violations retained
All session recordings stored
Privacy by DesignBuilt in vs. added on
Architecture-level privacy
Compliance checkbox
Learner Experience
Installation RequiredFriction before the exam starts
No install, no extensions
Browser extension required
Device CompatibilityWhat devices can learners use
Any device, any browser
No phones, iPads, or tablets
Surveillance FeelHow the process feels to learners
Post-exam review, not live watching
Live monitoring creates anxiety
Platform & Integration
LMS CompatibilityWorks with your existing tools
Any LMS
Limited integrations
Full Assessment JourneyCoverage before, during, and after
ID verify through credential delivery
Exam monitoring only
Exam Type FlexibilityHigh-stakes and low-stakes
Any exam type
Pricing not customizable by stakes
Partnership & Trust
Client Retention RatePrograms that stay long term
98%
Varies by vendor
Admin WorkloadTime spent reviewing flags
Fewer flags, less noise
Complex reporting adds burden
G2 RecognitionPeer-reviewed performance
Leader, Easiest To Use, Best Usability
Varies by vendor
One thing no other platform can say: Every flagged session is reviewed by a real person before it becomes an outcome. Not as a paid upgrade. Not on request. That is just how Integrity Advocate works.
Want to see how Integrity Advocate performs for your specific program? We will walk you through it in 30 minutes.
The right platform depends on what your program actually needs to protect.
If your exams carry real consequences, certifications, academic credentials, professional licensing, your results need to be auditable. In practice, that requires mandatory human review and a documented process, not an algorithm output. Start there.
If privacy compliance is a growing concern, look for platforms where data minimization is structural, not a feature toggle. Ask vendors specifically what data is stored, for how long, and where. Zero breaches in 12 years is a different answer than a privacy policy page.
If learner experience matters to your completion rates and your program's reputation, choose a tool that requires no installation and has been validated by learners as fair. Those programs see fewer disputes and better outcomes.
If implementation burden is a concern, ask vendors what onboarding actually looks like beyond the kickoff call. Client retention rates tell you more than any case study will.
The Bottom Line
Most proctoring platforms will tell you they deliver trusted results. The question worth asking is how. If the answer is AI monitoring and a flag report, that is a starting point, not a complete answer. The programs that make defensible, fair, and accurate assessment decisions are the ones that pair AI detection with documented human review, protect learner data by design, and work with a platform that treats their program like a partner.
The tools that deliver all three, without asking you to trade one for another, are the ones worth your time.
See it in action
Results you can actually stand behind.
Every flag reviewed by a real person. No installs. Zero breaches in 12 years. See how Integrity Advocate works and what it means for your program.
Human review on every flag
No install required
98% client retention
Zero breaches in 12 years
Recognized on G2
Book a Demo
No commitment. 30 minutes. We will show you exactly how it works.
Integrity Advocate helps organizations protect online assessments from identity verification through final review. Test-takers verify their identity, complete their assessment with monitoring in place, and trained human reviewers evaluate potential violations in context to deliver clear, defensible results.
No. Integrity Advocate launches directly from the browser with no downloads or extensions required, making it easier for test-takers to get started while reducing technical barriers and support needs.
Intelligent technology identifies potential violations and trained human reviewers evaluate them in context. This combination brings human judgment to automated detection, helping programs achieve accurate, consistent, and defensible outcomes at scale.
Integrity Advocate works across computers, Chromebooks, tablets, and mobile devices, giving programs the flexibility to deliver secure assessments across a wide range of environments and test-taker needs.
Integrity Advocate takes a privacy-first approach, collecting only the information needed to protect assessment integrity and limiting unnecessary access to test-taker devices and data. Organizations also maintain control over how long assessment data is retained.
Integrity Advocate combines intelligent detection with trained human review, privacy-first design, no-install access, and support across devices. The result is secure online proctoring that protects assessment integrity without creating unnecessary barriers for programs or test-takers.
Integrity Advocate is built for organizations across education, credentialing, associations, workforce training, and high-compliance industries. The platform supports programs that need to protect their assessments, their organization, and the people taking them.